Deceptively simple: Minute marine animals live in a sophisticated symbiosis with bacteria

Jun 10, 2019

Microbial dark matter lives in one of the simplest animals, Trichoplax

Trichoplax, one of the simplest animals on Earth, lives in a highly specific and intimate symbiosis with two types of bacteria. The first, Grellia, is related to parasitic bacteria that cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. But intriguingly, Grellia does not appear to harm Trichoplax. The second, Ruthmannia, sits inside the cells Trichoplax uses to digest its food. Both symbionts belong to poorly described groups of bacteria that are not well understood. The Trichoplax symbiosis provides a window into this microbial dark matter. The study by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and the University of Hawaii has now been published in the journal Nature Microbiology.

Looks like a potato chip: Trichoplax under the microscope. (© Harald Gruber-Vodicka / Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology)

Trichoplax surrounded by bacteria and algae. (© Michael Hadfield / University of Hawaii)

Trichoplax is one of the simplest animals one can imagine, and looks like a shapeless little blob. Senior author Nicole Dubilier says it reminds her of a potato chip. Trichoplax lives in warm coastal waters around the world, where it grazes on microscopic algae that cover sand and rocks. Although most aquarists may not know it, Trichoplax can also be found in almost any saltwater aquarium with corals.

Trichoplax, together with sponges and jellyfish, belongs to one of the most basal lineages of the animal kingdom. Until the 70ies, it was not even clear if Trichoplax is a proper, fully-grown animal or just the juvenile stage of a jellyfish. Only about a half a millimetre in diameter, these animals lack a mouth, gut and any other organs, and are made up of only six different kinds of cells. Its simplicity makes it a popular model organism for biologists.

Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen, Germany, the University of Hawaii and North Carolina State University have now discovered that Trichoplax is not as simple as it looks. It lives in a remarkably sophisticated symbiosis with highly unusual bacteria.

Simple is beautiful

The first observation of bacteria in Trichoplax was nearly 50 years ago by the German zoologist Karl Grell. But no one has really taken a closer look since then. An international group of scientists around Harald Gruber-Vodicka, Niko Leisch and Nicole Dubilier from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, and Michael Hadfield from the University of Hawaii have now investigated the bacterial tenants of Trichoplax by sequencing their genomes and using high-resolution microscopy to see where they live. “Despite being so simple, Trichoplax harbors two very different and highly unusual bacterial symbionts in its cells,” says Gruber-Vodicka. “Both symbionts are very picky – or cell-specific, as we call it. Each symbiont lives in only one type of host cell.”

Grellia – the first known symbiont to live in the endoplasmic reticulum

One symbiont, named Grellia after the zoologist Karl Grell, lives inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of Trichoplax, and is the first symbiont known to permanently live in an animal's ER. The ER plays a central role in protein and membrane production. Proving that Grellia is truly in the ER was challenging. “We reconstructed a detailed three-dimensional model of the ER to show that Grellia lives inside of it, supported by the electron microscopy facility of the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden,” Niko Leisch explains. “Other parasitic bacteria imitate the structure of the ER to trick the hosts into thinking they are not harmful. However, our imaging data clearly showed that Grellia lives inside its host's ER.” Intriguingly, Grellia, although closely related to parasites, doesn't appear to be harmful for Trichoplax. “Although it has genes that would allow it to steal energy from its host, it does not use them,” Leisch continues.

Ruthmannia – seeing microbial dark matter

The second symbiont of Trichoplax, Ruthmannia, belongs to a group of bacteria that were only recently discovered, the Margulisbacteria. “Before our study, Margulisbacteria were part of the so-called microbial dark matter – the vast majority of microbial organisms that biologists find through sequencing, but are unable to culture,” explains Harald Gruber-Vodicka. “We have never actually seen them, even though their genetic traces were found in aquatic samples all over the globe.” Now Gruber-Vodicka and Leisch took the first images of a Margulisbacteria. “It’s the first time we could see a member of this group. For us, observing this microbial dark matter was just as exciting as imaging black holes.” This symbiont lives in cells that Trichoplax uses to digest its algal food. "Ruthmannia appears to only eat the fats and other lipids of the algae, and leaves the rest to its host. In return, we think Ruthmannia may provide Trichoplax with vitamins and amino acids." With Trichoplax thriving in the lab cellars of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, the authors now have continuous access to this enigmatic group of bacteria.

In the trap: Colonized Trichoplax traps suspended in shallow water under a footbridge. (© Harald Gruber-Vodicka / Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology)

Harald Gruber-Vodicka, Nicole Dubilier and Niko Leisch in front of the aquarium in the foyer of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology. Also in this coral aquarium, Trichoplax lives with its symbionts. (© Christian Borowski /Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology)

What’s next

“In this study, we focused on the symbiotic partners of a single Trichoplax species,” says Nicole Dubilier, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology. “However, at least 20 more species have been described, and our first results indicate that each host species has its own, very specific set of symbionts. We are excited about taking a closer look at this remarkable diversity and how it evolved. These tiny animals not only look like potato chips, they also pack a crunch when it comes to what's inside them.”

Original publication

Harald R. Gruber-Vodicka, Nikolaus Leisch, Manuel Kleiner, Tjorven Hinzke, Manuel Liebeke, Margaret McFall-Ngai, Michael G. Hadfield, Nicole Dubilier: Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2. Nature Microbiology. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0475-9